目前國內大(da)部(bu)分冶煉(lian)行(xing)業產能(neng)(neng)過剩，其中電(dian)解(jie)鋁產能(neng)(neng)過剩的問題尤為(wei)(wei)突出。根據工信部(bu)原(yuan)材料工業司的統計，2012年我國電(dian)解(jie)鋁產量(liang)為(wei)(wei)1988萬(wan)噸，同比增長13．2%，但產能(neng)(neng)增長更快，達到2765萬(wan)噸，產能(neng)(neng)利用(yong)率僅為(wei)(wei)71．9%。

　　在產(chan)(chan)能過剩、需求不足的(de)情況(kuang)下，鋁(lv)(lv)價明顯下降(jiang)，利潤大幅縮水(shui)。以(yi)河南省為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，2012年其(qi)電(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)產(chan)(chan)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)368．8萬(wan)噸(dun)，占(zhan)全國產(chan)(chan)量的(de)18．6%，規(gui)模以(yi)上企(qi)業(ye)的(de)鋁(lv)(lv)冶煉?穴(xue)包括氧化鋁(lv)(lv)和電(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)?雪主(zhu)營業(ye)務收入(ru)雖然達到957．0億(yi)元，但(dan)虧損33．85億(yi)元，電(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)行業(ye)技(ji)術(shu)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)先進的(de)上市公(gong)司焦(jiao)作(zuo)萬(wan)方鋁(lv)(lv)業(ye)股份(fen)有限公(gong)司?穴(xue)下面簡稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)焦(jiao)作(zuo)萬(wan)方?雪的(de)電(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)業(ye)務虧損高達4億(yi)多元。

　　2013年(nian)(nian)以來(lai)，我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁行業價格下跌、效益下降的狀(zhuang)況并未好轉(zhuan)。當前，我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁行業的產(chan)能仍然在快速增(zeng)加。據(ju)工(gong)信(xin)部(bu)統計(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁在建產(chan)能約有1000萬(wan)噸。而全球電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁市場供應也嚴重過剩，據(ju)報(bao)道全球最大(da)的鋁生產(chan)企業俄羅(luo)斯鋁業近期表示，公司計(ji)劃在2014年(nian)(nian)繼續(xu)大(da)幅減(jian)產(chan)，并呼吁(yu)全行業減(jian)產(chan)。

　　因此，隨著新疆等西部地區(qu)電(dian)解鋁(lv)產能的(de)逐步(bu)釋放(fang)，而國內外(wai)需求短期內難以改(gai)善，我國電(dian)解鋁(lv)行業的(de)產能過剩問題將日(ri)益突(tu)出，亟待有效化解。

　　我(wo)國電解鋁行(xing)業產能過剩的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)探析

　　經過調研，我國電(dian)解鋁行業(ye)(ye)產能(neng)過剩的(de)背后有著較為深刻(ke)的(de)技術、經濟、體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)等多(duo)方面原因(yin)(yin)，其中(zhong)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)原因(yin)(yin)尤(you)其成為近年來吸引眾(zhong)多(duo)電(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)、民營企業(ye)(ye)?穴如希(xi)望集團、山東信發(fa)、山東魏橋等?雪進入電(dian)解鋁行業(ye)(ye)并不斷新(xin)建產能(neng)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)(yin)。

　　再(zai)次，地(di)方(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)績沖動(dong)與我(wo)國電價政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)區域不平(ping)衡等(deng)(deng)(deng)體制(zhi)原因(yin)，更(geng)成為近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)電解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)迅猛(meng)增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原因(yin)。經過多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，我(wo)國電解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術壁壘已大(da)(da)幅(fu)降(jiang)低，而高資本投入、產(chan)(chan)能(neng)投建(jian)較快(kuai)(kuai)以(yi)(yi)及下(xia)游需(xu)求廣泛、對ＧＤＰ拉動(dong)作用強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，卻使其成為地(di)方(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)拉動(dong)ＧＤＰ、解(jie)(jie)(jie)決(jue)就業(ye)(ye)較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)抓(zhua)手。各地(di)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)在(zai)過去十年(nian)間電解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)需(xu)求旺盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)具有(you)極(ji)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)投建(jian)和優惠(hui)補貼(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖動(dong)，在(zai)局(ju)部(bu)利益驅動(dong)下(xia)大(da)(da)干快(kuai)(kuai)上，在(zai)招(zhao)商引資中往往給予土地(di)、稅收(shou)、優惠(hui)電價等(deng)(deng)(deng)政(zheng)(zheng)策支持(chi)，幫助企業(ye)(ye)報(bao)批(pi)甚至“先建(jian)再(zai)報(bao)批(pi)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)現象(xiang)也屢見不鮮，使得電解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)持(chi)續增(zeng)長(chang)。更(geng)為重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，2010年(nian)以(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)國家取(qu)消優惠(hui)電價和加(jia)快(kuai)(kuai)西(xi)部(bu)大(da)(da)開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策相繼出臺(tai)，在(zai)現有(you)電力體制(zhi)下(xia)，新(xin)(xin)疆(jiang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)西(xi)部(bu)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電價優勢凸(tu)顯，刺(ci)激(ji)了(le)(le)我(wo)國電解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)在(zai)西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆炸(zha)性增(zeng)長(chang)，僅新(xin)(xin)疆(jiang)一省(sheng)(sheng)就新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)了(le)(le)一個全國產(chan)(chan)量(liang)。

　　用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)最大成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，占到總成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)40%—50%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)1分錢(qian)(qian)，每噸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)直接增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)140元(yuan)(yuan)—145元(yuan)(yuan)；而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)相對成(cheng)(cheng)熟使(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)進步與(yu)管理改善(shan)對成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)下降的(de)(de)(de)影響不(bu)(bu)大，從而(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)決定性因素，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)差(cha)(cha)異就直接影響了企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)死存亡與(yu)行業(ye)布(bu)局(ju)。目前(qian)，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)行業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)基本(ben)(ben)呈現出(chu)四個檔(dang)(dang)次。第(di)一檔(dang)(dang)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)河(he)南電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為0．64元(yuan)(yuan)／度(du)，這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)已經沒有生(sheng)(sheng)存空間，中(zhong)東(dong)部地(di)區(qu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)紛紛停(ting)(ting)產(chan)(chan)或關閉，如(ru)河(he)南林豐(feng)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)業(ye)公司(si)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與(yu)設備(bei)(bei)雖(sui)然先進，但用(yong)(yong)(yong)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)太高，不(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)停(ting)(ting)產(chan)(chan)，上市公司(si)神火股份公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)沁奧鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)業(ye)從2012年5月起也一直處于(yu)關停(ting)(ting)狀態。第(di)二檔(dang)(dang)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)直購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，目前(qian)在(zai)河(he)南能(neng)降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)0．12元(yuan)(yuan)?穴即0．52元(yuan)(yuan)／度(du)?雪，這(zhe)種模式也不(bu)(bu)能(neng)保證(zheng)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)長久(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)存，僅(jin)能(neng)減少虧(kui)損。第(di)三檔(dang)(dang)，自(zi)(zi)備(bei)(bei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)較高并網(wang)費，如(ru)河(he)南省每度(du)自(zi)(zi)備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需向國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)交(jiao)過網(wang)費8分錢(qian)(qian)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)大致是0．40元(yuan)(yuan)／度(du)—0．46元(yuan)(yuan)／度(du)，這(zhe)類(lei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)基本(ben)(ben)能(neng)做到微利或不(bu)(bu)虧(kui)損。第(di)四檔(dang)(dang)，自(zi)(zi)備(bei)(bei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)交(jiao)并網(wang)費或只交(jiao)1分錢(qian)(qian)至3分錢(qian)(qian)并網(wang)費，這(zhe)類(lei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)目前(qian)主要集中(zhong)在(zai)山東(dong)省和西部地(di)區(qu)，他們的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)?穴新(xin)疆地(di)區(qu)加(jia)(jia)上物流成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)并折算成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)?雪能(neng)在(zai) 0．36元(yuan)(yuan)／度(du)，成(cheng)(cheng)為目前(qian)國內最有競爭力的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)力。因此，不(bu)(bu)同地(di)區(qu)由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政策的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異使(shi)(shi)(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)無論(lun)其技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與(yu)管理水平如(ru)何，而(er)僅(jin)僅(jin)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)不(bu)(bu)同就處于(yu)一個完全不(bu)(bu)平等的(de)(de)(de)競爭環境(jing)中(zhong)。近(jin)年來(lai)新(xin)增(zeng)的(de)(de)(de)大量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)，基本(ben)(ben)上都是基于(yu)第(di)四檔(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)所建，也催生(sheng)(sheng)了由(you)于(yu)煤炭資源豐(feng)富而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力價(jia)(jia)格(ge)異常便宜的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)疆在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)規(gui)劃產(chan)(chan)能(neng)方面再造一個中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)奇特現象。

　　最(zui)后，在(zai)西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區電解鋁新增(zeng)(zeng)產能(neng)(neng)大(da)幅(fu)(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)加的(de)同時，中東(dong)部(bu)地(di)區原有(you)(you)的(de)電解鋁產能(neng)(neng)退出緩慢，從而最(zui)終造(zao)成(cheng)了我國電解鋁總產能(neng)(neng)的(de)大(da)幅(fu)(fu)凈(jing)增(zeng)(zeng)長。2011年之后，中東(dong)部(bu)地(di)區由于市場煤(mei)價大(da)幅(fu)(fu)下降導致有(you)(you)自備電廠的(de)電解鋁企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)發電成(cheng)本(ben)大(da)幅(fu)(fu)度降低，地(di)方政(zheng)(zheng)府逐步認識到通(tong)過企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)自身的(de)努力，再(zai)借鑒山東(dong)的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策經驗 ?穴(xue)如電價中繳納較低的(de)過網費?雪，本(ben)地(di)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)因為有(you)(you)區域優(you)勢，完全具備和西(xi)部(bu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)競爭的(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)，就加大(da)了對企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)過渡性支(zhi)持和扶持政(zheng)(zheng)策，中東(dong)部(bu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)僵而不死(si)，使西(xi)部(bu)新投產的(de)產能(neng)(neng)成(cheng)為凈(jing)增(zeng)(zeng)長，全國產能(neng)(neng)規模急劇擴(kuo)張(zhang)。

　　因此，當前我(wo)國電解(jie)鋁行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)產(chan)能(neng)過剩(sheng)，一方(fang)面(mian)是上(shang)述原因造(zao)成的(de)近年來電解(jie)鋁行(xing)業(ye)(ye)總體產(chan)能(neng)大(da)幅增加的(de)供給過剩(sheng)，另一方(fang)面(mian)是我(wo)國經(jing)濟增速近兩(liang)年逐步回落、進(jin)入(ru)增長轉換期而客觀(guan)造(zao)成的(de)需求不足(zu)，這兩(liang)者相疊加，再加上(shang)全球電解(jie)鋁行(xing)業(ye)(ye)也(ye)面(mian)臨產(chan)能(neng)過剩(sheng)和需求不足(zu)的(de)問題(ti)，從(cong)而使得目(mu)前我(wo)國的(de)電解(jie)鋁產(chan)能(neng)過剩(sheng)問題(ti)愈加突(tu)出。

　　各地政府與企(qi)業(ye)已采(cai)取一些措(cuo)施來化(hua)解電解鋁產能過(guo)剩，但(dan)仍存在較大困(kun)難

　　面對行業危局，各(ge)地(di)政(zheng)府(fu)與(yu)企業已經采取了(le)一些(xie)行政(zheng)、經濟、技術等方(fang)面的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)來緩解電解鋁產能(neng)過剩，取得了(le)一定成效。

　　一(yi)是在(zai)供給側控制新增產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、淘(tao)汰落(luo)后產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。中東部原有的(de)(de)電解(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)生產(chan)地區紛紛把嚴格準(zhun)入(ru)、提高門檻及(ji)淘(tao)汰落(luo)后作(zuo)為(wei)化解(jie)(jie)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)過剩的(de)(de)關鍵舉措，這也是剛(gang)剛(gang)發布的(de)(de)《國(guo)務(wu)院關于化解(jie)(jie)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)嚴重過剩矛(mao)盾(dun)的(de)(de)指(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)見(jian)》提出的(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)措施之一(yi)。從實踐(jian)中看，以河南(nan)省為(wei)例， 已經(jing)提前完(wan)成了《國(guo)務(wu)院關于化解(jie)(jie)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)嚴重過剩矛(mao)盾(dun)的(de)(de)指(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)見(jian)》到2015年底前的(de)(de)淘(tao)汰落(luo)后產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)任務(wu)。

　　二是在需(xu)求側大力發(fa)(fa)展鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)精深加工(gong)。各地政府(fu)紛紛把延伸鏈條(tiao)、加強高(gao)(gao)(gao)端(duan)加工(gong)作為(wei)化(hua)解(jie)(jie)產(chan)能過剩(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要途(tu)徑，支持電(dian)解(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)企(qi)業(ye)積極向產(chan)業(ye)鏈下(xia)游延伸，發(fa)(fa)展技術(shu)含量(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)、附加值(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)、能耗低、無污(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)精深加工(gong)產(chan)品，以下(xia)游帶動(dong)上(shang)游，優(you)化(hua)投(tou)資結構，提升經(jing)濟效益。就(jiu)全國(guo)范(fan)圍而言，2012年(nian)我國(guo)鋁(lv)(lv)材產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)3074萬(wan)噸，同比增長15．9%，增幅(fu)雖然回落10．9個百分(fen)點(dian)，但鋁(lv)(lv)壓延加工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)利潤有(you)所增長；國(guo)內在7000系(xi)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金強韌化(hua)熱處(chu)(chu)理方面的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新(xin)技術(shu)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)成功，突破(po)了(le)航空用高(gao)(gao)(gao)性能鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金制(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)技術(shu)。作為(wei)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)生(sheng)產(chan)大省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)河南省(sheng)(sheng)，鋁(lv)(lv)加工(gong)產(chan)量(liang)從2009年(nian)的(de)(de)(de) 322萬(wan)噸增加到(dao)2012年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)609．2萬(wan)噸，幾年(nian)間加工(gong)量(liang)幾乎翻(fan)了(le)一番，年(nian)均增長高(gao)(gao)(gao)達(da)23．6%，遠高(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)增幅(fu)，有(you)效地推(tui)動(dong)了(le)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)本省(sheng)(sheng)消化(hua)，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)了(le)企(qi)業(ye)效益。此(ci)外(wai)，河南省(sheng)(sheng)還強化(hua)創(chuang)新(xin)驅動(dong)，加快(kuai)推(tui)進汽車用鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金板熱處(chu)(chu)理、高(gao)(gao)(gao)精度大截(jie)面鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金型材等關鍵(jian)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)，提升產(chan)業(ye)產(chan)品結構。

　　三是通(tong)過完(wan)善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)鏈、推(tui)廣(guang)先進(jin)技(ji)術(shu)和提升(sheng)管理(li)來降低(di)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。由(you)于在(zai)(zai)現有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)體(ti)制下(xia)(xia)實(shi)際(ji)存在(zai)(zai)四檔不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)企(qi)業(ye)建設(she)自(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)成(cheng)為(wei)降低(di)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)捷徑。各地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)(zai)政府的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)持與幫助下(xia)(xia)紛紛建設(she)“煤(mei)?穴水?雪(xue)—發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)—煉鋁(lv)”的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)鏈條(tiao)，如焦(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)萬方(fang)參(can)股(gu)焦(jiao)煤(mei)趙固能(neng)源公(gong)司(si)30%股(gu)份，并已建設(she)2×300ＭＷ熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聯產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組；神(shen)火(huo)股(gu)份公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)火(huo)鋁(lv)業(ye)本(ben)(ben)著“先電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)鋁(lv)，以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)定鋁(lv)”的(de)(de)(de)策(ce)略，在(zai)(zai)新(xin)疆煤(mei)炭豐富(fu)地區配套建設(she)4×350ＭＷ的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和80萬噸(dun)(dun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)項目(mu)。就全國范圍看，到今(jin)年(nian)上半年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)行業(ye)擁(yong)有自(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)已占總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)60%。此外，河南省還發布節能(neng)減排(pai)和循環經濟(ji)重點技(ji)術(shu)推(tui)廣(guang)目(mu)錄(lu)，重點推(tui)廣(guang)實(shi)施了(le)低(di)溫低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)等技(ji)術(shu)，支(zhi)持了(le)一(yi)批余(yu)熱余(yu)壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等項目(mu)建設(she)；焦(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)萬方(fang)公(gong)司(si)通(tong)過管理(li)改進(jin)亦使得(de)其三項費用率維持在(zai)(zai)行業(ye)最低(di)水平(ping)。隨(sui)著新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛推(tui)廣(guang)，2012年(nian)我國鋁(lv)錠(ding)綜合交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗下(xia)(xia)降到13844千瓦時(shi)／噸(dun)(dun)，同(tong)比下(xia)(xia)降58千瓦時(shi)／噸(dun)(dun)，全年(nian)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)約(yue)12億千瓦時(shi)； 2013年(nian)1—6月，我國鋁(lv)錠(ding)綜合交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗進(jin)一(yi)步下(xia)(xia)降到13762千瓦時(shi)／噸(dun)(dun)，同(tong)比下(xia)(xia)降了(le)114千瓦時(shi)／噸(dun)(dun)，節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)12．1億千瓦時(shi)。

　　盡管化解電(dian)解鋁產能(neng)過剩的努力(li)取得(de)了一(yi)定效果，但(dan)是(shi)從全國總的情況來看，按照“消化一(yi)批(pi)、轉移(yi)一(yi)批(pi)、整(zheng)合一(yi)批(pi)、淘汰一(yi)批(pi)”的原則，面臨的困難仍然較大。

　　一(yi)是(shi)中東部(bu)地(di)區現(xian)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)產能(neng)進(jin)一(yi)步化解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)較(jiao)大(da)(da)， “消(xiao)化一(yi)批(pi)”、“淘汰一(yi)批(pi)”困(kun)難較(jiao)多(duo)。二是(shi)事實存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策性障(zhang)(zhang)礙使(shi)(shi)得(de)企(qi)(qi)業“整合一(yi)批(pi)”困(kun)難重(zhong)重(zhong)。在(zai)調研中企(qi)(qi)業反(fan)映，由(you)于(yu)產能(neng)過剩，企(qi)(qi)業有(you)(you)兼(jian)并重(zhong)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求，但(dan)現(xian)有(you)(you)政(zheng)策使(shi)(shi)得(de)實際操(cao)作存(cun)在(zai)較(jiao)大(da)(da)障(zhang)(zhang)礙，如：證券行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同業競(jing)爭規(gui)定造(zao)成(cheng)相關(guan)上(shang)(shang)市公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兼(jian)并重(zhong)組成(cheng)本過高；現(xian)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)力(li)政(zheng)策阻礙了(le)(le)建設(she)或吸收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業為電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)企(qi)(qi)業提供廉價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)；跨(kua)(kua)區域(yu)、跨(kua)(kua)行(xing)業、跨(kua)(kua)所有(you)(you)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)組難度(du)較(jiao)大(da)(da)等等。三(san)是(shi)區域(yu)之間不平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策仍然(ran)主導了(le)(le)新(xin)疆等西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)產能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅猛(meng)擴張，“轉(zhuan)移(yi)一(yi)批(pi)”不是(shi)少(shao)了(le)(le)，而是(shi)向西(xi)部(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)與新(xin)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)產能(neng)太多(duo)。盡管產能(neng)過剩已(yi)經成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)全(quan)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本共識，但(dan)由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策在(zai)區域(yu)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不平衡客觀(guan)上(shang)(shang)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區如新(xin)疆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，其電(dian)(dian)價(jia)與中東部(bu)相比低(di)0．2元／度(du)左(zuo)(zuo)右，直接造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)生產成(cheng)本比中東部(bu)地(di)區降低(di)20%左(zuo)(zuo)右，使(shi)(shi)得(de)相關(guan)投資者對獲得(de)超(chao)額利(li)潤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預期(qi)十分強烈(lie)，進(jin)而誘(you)發(fa)了(le)(le)投資沖動，加劇了(le)(le)新(xin)疆等西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)產能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“大(da)(da)干快上(shang)(shang)”。此外，由(you)于(yu)目前全(quan)球范圍(wei)內電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)產能(neng)都(dou)過剩，向境外轉(zhuan)移(yi)產能(neng)亦存(cun)在(zai)諸多(duo)困(kun)難。

　　進(jin)一步化解電解鋁(lv)產能過剩的幾點(dian)建議

　　總體(ti)而(er)言(yan)，在(zai)剛剛頒(ban)布的《國務院關于化解(jie)產能嚴重(zhong)過剩矛盾的指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)見》?穴以(yi)下(xia)簡稱《指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)見》?雪的基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，我們(men)認(ren)為(wei)應加強(qiang)政策(ce)執(zhi)行與(yu)配套(tao)，進一步壓供(gong)拓需(xu)，從供(gong)需(xu)兩方面完善(shan)政策(ce)，努力化解(jie)電(dian)解(jie)鋁產能過剩。具體(ti)有(you)以(yi)下(xia)幾點建議。

　　在供給(gei)側，建(jian)議多(duo)策并舉嚴格壓縮電解鋁產(chan)(chan)能(neng)，尤(you)其應加快(kuai)推(tui)進電價改革，打消產(chan)(chan)能(neng)快(kuai)速(su)擴張(zhang)的沖動。

　　其一，應嚴格執行《指導意見》，“嚴禁建(jian)(jian)設新增產(chan)(chan)能(neng)項目(mu)”、“分(fen)類(lei)妥善處理在(zai)建(jian)(jian)違(wei)規(gui)項目(mu)”、“清理整(zheng)頓建(jian)(jian)成違(wei)規(gui)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)”、“淘汰(tai)和(he)退出(chu)落(luo)后產(chan)(chan)能(neng)”，建(jian)(jian)議可對(dui)違(wei)規(gui)建(jian)(jian)設產(chan)(chan)能(neng)收(shou)取(qu)罰金，以建(jian)(jian)立淘汰(tai)落(luo)后產(chan)(chan)能(neng)基金，并針對(dui)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)淘汰(tai)和(he)退出(chu)在(zai)財政補(bu)貼(tie)、企業轉產(chan)(chan)、職工安置等方面出(chu)臺具體扶持政策。

　　其二，切實(shi)消除(chu)政策性障礙，落(luo)實(shi)好“整(zheng)(zheng)合一(yi)批”，推進企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)兼(jian)并(bing)(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組，具體而(er)言：建議在(zai)證監(jian)會(hui)《并(bing)(bing)購重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組審核分道(dao)制實(shi)施方(fang)案》對電(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)(lv)等九個推進兼(jian)并(bing)(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點行(xing)業(ye)(ye)進入快速(su)?穴(xue)豁免／快速(su)?雪審核通(tong)道(dao)的(de)(de)基礎上，進一(yi)步(bu)研(yan)究并(bing)(bing)降低同行(xing)業(ye)(ye)上市公司兼(jian)并(bing)(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組的(de)(de)成本；建議調整(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)(dian)力政策，允許龍頭(tou)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)建設或吸收的(de)(de)現有(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)為其電(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)(lv)生(sheng)產(chan)提(ti)供廉價電(dian)(dian)力供應；建議在(zai)金(jin)融、稅費等方(fang)面加(jia)大(da)支持力度，鼓勵龍頭(tou)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)作為整(zheng)(zheng)合主體，切實(shi)推進跨地區(qu)、跨行(xing)業(ye)(ye)、跨所(suo)有(you)制的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組。

　　其三(san)，均(jun)衡區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，加(jia)快電(dian)(dian)(dian)力體(ti)制改革，消除(chu)(chu)暴(bao)利預期(qi)。雖然從長遠看(kan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)等(deng)高耗能(neng)行業(ye)(ye)有(you)向新(xin)疆等(deng)能(neng)源豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)西部地(di)區大面積(ji)轉移(yi)的(de)趨(qu)勢與(yu)必要(yao)，但從中短期(qi)看(kan)，產(chan)能(neng)在(zai)區域間的(de)完全(quan)(quan)轉移(yi)需要(yao)有(you)一(yi)(yi)個漸進的(de)過程，且考慮到(dao)(dao)運輸能(neng)力和資(zi)源環(huan)境因(yin)素，新(xin)疆等(deng)西部地(di)區僅僅因(yin)為(wei)優惠電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)而(er)造成的(de)產(chan)能(neng)擴張也不(bu)宜突飛猛進。因(yin)此(ci)，建(jian)議(yi)采取(qu)措(cuo)施均(jun)衡區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，加(jia)快推進國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網體(ti)制改革，比如可在(zai)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)行業(ye)(ye)率(lv)先試(shi)點，在(zai)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)范圍內統一(yi)(yi)并網服務費至1分(fen)錢(qian)到(dao)(dao)3分(fen)錢(qian)，或者允(yun)許各地(di)建(jian)設行業(ye)(ye)內區域輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡，以消除(chu)(chu)政策原因(yin)造成的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)不(bu)平等(deng)，打消相關企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)新(xin)疆等(deng)西部地(di)區獲得超額利潤(run)的(de)預期(qi)，從而(er)抑制產(chan)能(neng)投資(zi)沖動，使企業(ye)(ye)主動停止新(xin)建(jian)產(chan)能(neng)。

　　在需(xu)求(qiu)側，基于(yu)當(dang)前(qian)外需(xu)不振、貿易(yi)摩(mo)擦升(sheng)級的(de)現實情(qing)況(kuang)，建議通過(guo)收(shou)儲、拓(tuo)寬(kuan)應用(yong)范圍(wei)等手段加(jia)大(da)(da)鋁(lv)的(de)國(guo)內需(xu)求(qiu)，切實“消(xiao)化一(yi)(yi)批”，并通過(guo)技術(shu)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)提高(gao)鋁(lv)材(cai)的(de)加(jia)工層(ceng)次，獲(huo)取更高(gao)收(shou)益(yi)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)要適當(dang)增加(jia)國(guo)家對鋁(lv)的(de)儲備。國(guo)家在當(dang)前(qian)鋁(lv)價創(chuang)兩年來(lai)新(xin)(xin)低的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下擴大(da)(da)收(shou)儲規模，不僅(jin)有利于(yu)消(xiao)化一(yi)(yi)部分產能，促(cu)進(jin)資產保(bao)值增值，也(ye)能夠樹立市場信(xin)心。二是(shi)要加(jia)大(da)(da)研(yan)發及財稅支持，積極拓(tuo)寬(kuan)鋁(lv)的(de)應用(yong)范圍(wei)。三是(shi)要積極努(nu)力通過(guo)技術(shu)攻(gong)關與創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)，提高(gao)我國(guo)鋁(lv)材(cai)的(de)加(jia)工層(ceng)次，獲(huo)取更高(gao)收(shou)益(yi)。