一(yi)段(duan)時間以來,一(yi)些企業(ye)、媒體提出(chu)"以鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)代銅(tong)"具有(you)"戰(zhan)略意義",應視為"發(fa)(fa)展方向",認(ren)為可(ke)節約短缺的(de)銅(tong)資源等.近日,由國(guo)務院發(fa)(fa)展研究中心(xin)資源環(huan)境與政(zheng)策(ce)研究所(suo)承擔(dan)的(de)《我國(guo)銅(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)資源在電力(li)電纜(lan)市場應用(yong)戰(zhan)略規劃研究》課(ke)題(ti)(ti),經深入調(diao)研后提出(chu):要理性(xing)慎重看待銅(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)替(ti)代問(wen)題(ti)(ti),發(fa)(fa)揮市場在銅(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)資源配置中的(de)決定性(xing)作用(yong);我國(guo)電力(li)電纜(lan)行業(ye)不宜推(tui)行"以鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)代銅(tong)".就有(you)關問(wen)題(ti)(ti),記者近日采訪了課(ke)題(ti)(ti)組負責(ze)人——國(guo)務院發(fa)(fa)展研究中心(xin)資源與環(huan)境政(zheng)策(ce)研究所(suo)副所(suo)長谷樹(shu)忠研究員.

  ;  谷(gu)樹忠研究員介紹,我(wo)(wo)國(guo)電力(li)電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)呈(cheng)現(xian)出"以銅(tong)(tong)為主(zhu)(zhu)"的格局(ju).目(mu)前(qian)(qian),我(wo)(wo)國(guo)電線電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)工業(ye)(ye)年產(chan)(chan)(chan)值已(yi)突破萬億(yi)元大(da)關,成為制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)僅(jin)次于汽(qi)車制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)的第二大(da)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye),同時也(ye)極大(da)地(di)帶動了(le)銅(tong)(tong)、鋁(lv)等重要原材料產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)和上(shang)、下游(you)相(xiang)關產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的快(kuai)速(su)發展(zhan),在國(guo)民經(jing)濟發展(zhan)中(zhong)具有十分重要的作用(yong).目(mu)前(qian)(qian)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)電線電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)工業(ye)(ye)銅(tong)(tong)、鋁(lv)導體總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)分別為484 萬噸和220 萬噸,分別約占全國(guo)用(yong)銅(tong)(tong)、鋁(lv)量(liang)的64%和13%,約占全球電線電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)銅(tong)(tong)導體產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)的33%.國(guo)內電力(li)電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的"以鋁(lv)代(dai)銅(tong)(tong)"的替代(dai)競爭主(zhu)(zhu)要集中(zhong)在低壓(ya)和中(zhong)壓(ya)地(di)下電力(li)電纜(lan)(lan)(lan).從整體來講,銅(tong)(tong)導體一直是電力(li)電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)量(liang)的主(zhu)(zhu)力(li).

    在我國,電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)工業(ye)是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)的(de)第一用戶(hu).在電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)工業(ye)中,鋁(lv)能(neng)否代替銅(tong)?消(xiao)費哪一種資源(yuan)是(shi)(shi)基于何種原則的(de)呢?谷樹忠(zhong)研究(jiu)員說,礦產資源(yuan)消(xiao)費有其自身的(de)規律性(xing)(xing)(xing).我們課題組(zu)進行(xing)了綜合(he)研究(jiu),結論是(shi)(shi):銅(tong)導體在電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)領域(yu)綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)優(you)于鋁(lv)導體.比較而言,銅(tong)導體擁有更(geng)優(you)的(de)物理、化學和(he)機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng),特別是(shi)(shi)具(ju)有優(you)良的(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、抗腐蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)抗蠕變性(xing)(xing)(xing),且技(ji)術成(cheng)熟、安全可靠、維護方便、安裝(zhuang)容錯(cuo)率高(gao),是(shi)(shi)世界各國電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)領域(yu)普遍采用的(de)主要(yao)導體材料.有四個理由提醒(xing)我們必(bi)須要(yao)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)慎重看待(dai)銅(tong)鋁(lv)替代問題,不宜推行(xing)"以鋁(lv)代銅(tong)".

    第一(yi),從(cong)電力(li)電纜行業銅(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)替代的(de)(de)可行性角度看,無論(lun)是導(dao)(dao)(dao)電性能(neng)(neng)、機械性能(neng)(neng)還是耐腐(fu)蝕(shi)性能(neng)(neng),均(jun)為銅(tong)優于鋁(lv)(lv)、鋁(lv)(lv)合金.具體(ti)來(lai)說,導(dao)(dao)(dao)電性能(neng)(neng)方(fang)面:鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電率只有銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)60%左(zuo)(zuo)右,鋁(lv)(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)要(yao)(yao)更差些(xie).在抗(kang)(kang)氧化(hua)腐(fu)蝕(shi)能(neng)(neng)力(li)方(fang)面,由于銅(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)元(yuan)素有不同(tong)的(de)(de)原子(zi)結構,鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)化(hua)學性能(neng)(neng)比銅(tong)要(yao)(yao)活潑的(de)(de)多,因(yin)此鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)氧化(hua)腐(fu)蝕(shi)能(neng)(neng)力(li)比銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)要(yao)(yao)差得多,無論(lun)是純鋁(lv)(lv)還是鋁(lv)(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)都一(yi)樣,因(yin)此其起火概率大約為銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)10倍左(zuo)(zuo)右.

    在抗電(dian)化腐(fu)蝕(shi)能力方面:鋁(lv)的電(dian)極電(dian)位(wei)比(bi)銅的要低(di)得多,鋁(lv)導體因而很容易被電(dian)化腐(fu)蝕(shi),特別是在鋁(lv)導體與銅導體或其他導體相接觸的情況(kuang)下.

    從(cong)熱膨(peng)脹(zhang)角(jiao)度(du)來看(kan):鋁導體的線性(xing)(xing)膨(peng)脹(zhang)系數遠(yuan)大(da)于銅導體.這(zhe)會導致熱脹(zhang)冷縮(suo)后的接(jie)觸不(bu)良,甚至產生接(jie)觸不(bu)緊密(mi)、氧化(hua)發熱等(deng)事故(gu),并且會惡(e)性(xing)(xing)循(xun)環.

    從(cong)抗張(zhang)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)和抗蠕變(bian)能力角度(du)看:從(cong)極限抗張(zhang)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)和屈服抗張(zhang)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)來比較,銅(tong)導體最(zui)好,純鋁(lv)導體最(zui)差,鋁(lv)合金(jin)相比純鋁(lv)有較大的改進(jin),但仍(reng)不及銅(tong)導體.

    第(di)二,從技術安(an)(an)全(quan)角度(du)看,在特(te)別(bie)強調安(an)(an)全(quan)可靠、安(an)(an)全(quan)系數要求較高的(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)下(xia)必(bi)須使(shi)用(yong)銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti);在有較強振動、線(xian)纜容易折斷、高溫潮濕的(de)(de)(de)環境下(xia)也應使(shi)用(yong)銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti).特(te)別(bie)在居民住宅線(xian)路(lu)中,為(wei)保障居民生命(ming)財產安(an)(an)全(quan),必(bi)須全(quan)部采(cai)用(yong)銅(tong)線(xian).而在對(dui)銅(tong)有腐蝕(shi)性的(de)(de)(de)環境下(xia)以及在架空輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)、較大截面的(de)(de)(de)中頻線(xian)路(lu)和高頻線(xian)路(lu)等情況下(xia),在管理水(shui)平(ping)較高的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下(xia)才可以使(shi)用(yong)鋁(lv)來替代銅(tong).事實上,對(dui)鋁(lv)及鋁(lv)合金(jin)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong),美國等發達國家(jia)作(zuo)了(le)嚴格限制.我國尚未達到足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)技術水(shui)平(ping),出于安(an)(an)全(quan)考慮,不適宜大量采(cai)用(yong)鋁(lv)及鋁(lv)合金(jin)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti).

    第三,從經濟效益的(de)(de)(de)角度看,電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)經濟選型(xing)主要(yao)(yao)考慮整個全生命周期(qi)(qi)(30年(nian))投(tou)(tou)資(zi)、損耗(hao)(hao)(hao)和運(yun)營(ying)維護(hu)費(fei)(fei)用之和要(yao)(yao)最(zui)小(xiao).在電(dian)(dian)纜線路運(yun)行過程中(zhong),30年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)(hao)(hao)所耗(hao)(hao)(hao)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)成本要(yao)(yao)遠遠高于(yu)(yu)初期(qi)(qi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用.就初期(qi)(qi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)講,銅(tong)電(dian)(dian)纜成本較高,但(dan)由于(yu)(yu)銅(tong)導體導電(dian)(dian)率高、可靠性高,最(zui)終平均(jun)損耗(hao)(hao)(hao)要(yao)(yao)低于(yu)(yu)鋁(lv)導體和鋁(lv)合金導體,銅(tong)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)(hao)(hao)和運(yun)營(ying)維護(hu)費(fei)(fei)用較低.

    第四(si),從化(hua)解(jie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)角度(du)看(kan),目前冶煉(lian)(lian)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)問題是(shi)(shi)電(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)難題,也在銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶煉(lian)(lian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)顯現.推行(xing)(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)替(ti)(ti)代,對化(hua)解(jie)我(wo)國(guo)鋁(lv)(lv)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)杯(bei)水車(che)薪(xin),卻可(ke)能(neng)對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)造成嚴重(zhong)打(da)擊.以(yi)鋁(lv)(lv)電(dian)纜(lan)替(ti)(ti)代銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)纜(lan)不(bu)僅(jin)(jin)不(bu)能(neng)解(jie)決電(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng),反而(er)會(hui)(hui)帶來更(geng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng).據估算,替(ti)(ti)代100萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),僅(jin)(jin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)50萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)鋁(lv)(lv)需(xu)求,這(zhe)對于化(hua)解(jie)總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)3000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)、過(guo)剩(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)800萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)冶煉(lian)(lian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)恐怕是(shi)(shi)杯(bei)水車(che)薪(xin).而(er)減少(shao)100萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)需(xu)求,則(ze)會(hui)(hui)對精銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)消費總需(xu)求僅(jin)(jin)900萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)市(shi)場造成巨大沖擊.而(er)目前我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)纜(lan)相(xiang)關行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)已經產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng),2014年(nian)國(guo)內(nei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)約(yue)為(wei)1162萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun),實(shi)際(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量約(yue)為(wei)565萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)(dun),行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)利用率僅(jin)(jin)為(wei)49%;而(er)5年(nian)前行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)利用率還保持在60%以(yi)上.而(er)我(wo)國(guo)現有電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)廠家近(jin)4000家,其中生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)廠家占大多數,行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值(zhi)1.2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)億元.在我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)纜(lan)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)已經產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)過(guo)剩(sheng)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,再推動鋁(lv)(lv)電(dian)纜(lan)替(ti)(ti)代銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)纜(lan),勢必造成大批銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)纜(lan)設備閑置、投資浪費.

    谷樹忠(zhong)研究員說,近些年,一(yi)些企(qi)業在(zai)銅鋁(lv)替(ti)代問題上沒有從國(guo)家、社會整體(ti)利益出發,編造數據(ju),誤導(dao)(dao)輿論,盲目提倡(chang)"以鋁(lv)代銅".這將對政府決(jue)策、技術進步、行(xing)業發展造成誤導(dao)(dao).必須要理性慎(shen)重看待銅鋁(lv)替(ti)代問題,鼓勵(li)銅鋁(lv)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)在(zai)電力電纜領域的良性競爭,要防止盲目推行(xing)"以鋁(lv)代銅"等(deng)使產品質量(liang)下降、市場秩序被破壞.

    我國銅(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)礦(kuang)產資源相對短缺,銅(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)再生(sheng)資源及世界銅(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)礦(kuang)產資源總量相對充(chong)足.2050年,國內回(hui)收的(de)再生(sheng)銅(tong)(tong)便能全部(bu)滿足銅(tong)(tong)消費(fei)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)

  ;  那么(me),銅鋁(lv)資源資源狀況究竟怎樣(yang)?以(yi)鋁(lv)代銅可以(yi)節約銅資源么(me)?

    谷樹忠研究員說,這需要對世界與中國銅鋁資源(yuan)(yuan)狀況、銅鋁再(zai)生資源(yuan)(yuan)回收、市場供需等進行綜(zong)合分析.

    谷(gu)樹(shu)忠研究員(yuan)認為,銅(tong)鋁(lv)資源(yuan)作為重(zhong)要礦(kuang)產資源(yuan)和(he)重(zhong)要有色金(jin)屬材(cai)料(liao),已廣泛應用于建(jian)筑業(ye)、電氣電子、機械制造(zao)、交通運輸(shu)等(deng)領域,是我國(guo)國(guo)民經濟和(he)社會發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)要物質基礎."我們的(de)看法是,我國(guo)銅(tong)鋁(lv)礦(kuang)產資源(yuan)相(xiang)對(dui)短缺,銅(tong)鋁(lv)再(zai)生資源(yuan)及世界銅(tong)鋁(lv)礦(kuang)產資源(yuan)總量相(xiang)對(dui)充足(zu).世界銅(tong)鋁(lv)礦(kuang)產資源(yuan)可滿足(zu)未來我國(guo)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)需求.我國(guo)目前已在(zai)使(shi)用的(de)銅(tong)鋁(lv)材(cai)料(liao)將在(zai)使(shi)用壽(shou)命期后循環使(shi)用,2050年國(guo)內回收的(de)再(zai)生銅(tong)便(bian)能全部滿足(zu)銅(tong)消費的(de)需求."

    谷樹(shu)忠研究員介紹(shao):第一,全(quan)(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)銅(tong)鋁資源(yuan)儲量(liang)豐富(fu),我國銅(tong)鋁資源(yuan)相對短缺.從全(quan)(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)來看,根(gen)據(ju)(ju)USGS(美國地質調查局)最(zui)新數據(ju)(ju),全(quan)(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)銅(tong)儲量(liang)6.9億(yi)噸(dun).而隨著目前和(he)今后(hou)的探礦進(jin)展,將(jiang)會使儲量(liang)和(he)資源(yuan)量(liang)進(jin)一步(bu)增加.以2014年(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)礦產(chan)銅(tong)產(chan)量(liang)1870萬噸(dun)計(ji)(USGS數據(ju)(ju)),全(quan)(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)銅(tong)資源(yuan)靜(jing)態保證年(nian)限為34年(nian).如按已探明有潛(qian)在開采價值(zhi)的銅(tong)資源(yuan)量(liang)計(ji)算,可開采超過100年(nian),供應總體相對充裕.全(quan)(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)鋁土礦資源(yuan)同樣(yang)十(shi)分豐富(fu),探明儲量(liang)280億(yi)噸(dun),資源(yuan)量(liang)估計(ji)在550——750億(yi)噸(dun)之間,靜(jing)態保證年(nian)限為109年(nian),能夠(gou)滿(man)足世界未來對鋁的需求.

    從(cong)國(guo)(guo)內來看,據(ju)國(guo)(guo)土(tu)資(zi)源(yuan)部數(shu)據(ju),我國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)查(cha)(cha)明資(zi)源(yuan)儲(chu)量(liang)9690萬噸,預測資(zi)源(yuan)量(liang)3億噸,資(zi)源(yuan)查(cha)(cha)明率(lv)(lv)為30%.按當前礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)銅(tong)產(chan)量(liang)計算,靜(jing)(jing)態保(bao)障年(nian)限20年(nian).盡(jin)管近年(nian)來我國(guo)(guo)加大(da)了銅(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)開發力度,但(dan)遠(yuan)不能(neng)滿足國(guo)(guo)內對銅(tong)的需(xu)求,自給率(lv)(lv)約30%左右.我國(guo)(guo)鋁(lv)土(tu)礦(kuang)(kuang)查(cha)(cha)明資(zi)源(yuan)儲(chu)量(liang)為42億噸,但(dan)國(guo)(guo)內鋁(lv)土(tu)礦(kuang)(kuang)開采量(liang)巨大(da).我們(men)占(zhan)世(shi)界儲(chu)量(liang)2.96%,產(chan)量(liang)占(zhan)世(shi)界鋁(lv)土(tu)礦(kuang)(kuang)的20.91%,過度開采;資(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)障程(cheng)度低,靜(jing)(jing)態保(bao)障年(nian)限僅(jin)6——7年(nian).

    第二(er),我(wo)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)需(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)(liang)持續(xu)增(zeng)長(chang),對外(wai)依存度不(bu)斷(duan)提升.隨著(zhu)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)工業化和(he)城鎮化的(de)(de)(de)(de)快速推進(jin),國(guo)(guo)內銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)持續(xu)增(zeng)長(chang),銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)礦(kuang)產(chan)開采量(liang)(liang)呈穩步上升態勢.我(wo)國(guo)(guo)礦(kuang)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)從2003年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)60萬(wan)噸(金(jin)(jin)屬量(liang)(liang))增(zeng)長(chang)到2014年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)174萬(wan)噸(金(jin)(jin)屬量(liang)(liang)),鋁(lv)(lv)土礦(kuang)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)從2006年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2100萬(wan)噸增(zeng)長(chang)到2014年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5921萬(wan)噸.與此同時,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)礦(kuang)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)口量(liang)(liang)基本呈上升趨(qu)勢,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)、鋁(lv)(lv)土礦(kuang)從2006年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)494萬(wan)噸和(he)968萬(wan)噸,攀升到2013年(nian)(nian)1008萬(wan)噸和(he)7075萬(wan)噸.鑒于我(wo)國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)需(xu)求(qiu)頂點尚(shang)未到來(lai),預(yu)計我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)未來(lai)一(yi)段時間將繼續(xu)面(mian)臨(lin)"缺銅(tong)(tong)(tong)少鋁(lv)(lv)"局面(mian),中國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對外(wai)依存度仍將保(bao)持較高(gao)水平.

    第三,長(chang)期來(lai)看,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)再生銅(tong)可(ke)完全(quan)滿(man)足消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費需(xu)(xu)求.據中國(guo)(guo)有色金屬工業協會預計,十(shi)三五末(mo)期,我國(guo)(guo)鋁消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費將(jiang)達到(dao)峰(feng)值4400萬(wan)噸/年(nian)(nian),即(ji)仍有1000萬(wan)噸以上(shang)的增(zeng)長(chang)空間(jian),并(bing)將(jiang)在峰(feng)值水平(ping)維(wei)持(chi)很長(chang)一段時間(jian).另(ling)據國(guo)(guo)土(tu)資源部信息中心(xin)研究成果(guo):從長(chang)期看,全(quan)球銅(tong)需(xu)(xu)求持(chi)續增(zeng)長(chang),預計2050年(nian)(nian)全(quan)球礦(kuang)山銅(tong)累(lei)(lei)計需(xu)(xu)求量約(yue)11億噸,至2100年(nian)(nian)約(yue)32億噸,達到(dao)最高水平(ping).預計到(dao)2050年(nian)(nian)我國(guo)(guo)銅(tong)累(lei)(lei)計需(xu)(xu)求量約(yue)為(wei)4.24億噸,需(xu)(xu)求旺盛(sheng).2050年(nian)(nian)前后(hou),我國(guo)(guo)人(ren)均銅(tong)累(lei)(lei)積量將(jiang)達到(dao)峰(feng)值,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)循環利用銅(tong)即(ji)可(ke)完全(quan)滿(man)足消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費需(xu)(xu)求.銅(tong)在我國(guo)(guo)將(jiang)不再是短缺(que)礦(kuang)產,礦(kuang)山生產銅(tong)可(ke)用于出口(kou),為(wei)全(quan)球銅(tong)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費作出貢獻.

    電(dian)纜形(xing)成銅消費為主的(de)格局(ju)是經濟發展、技術進(jin)步(bu)、用戶需求的(de)必然結果

    電力電纜行業逐步形成(cheng)為以銅電纜為主的(de)格局原(yuan)因(yin)何在?谷樹忠研究員(yuan)認為,是經濟發展、技術進步、用(yong)戶需(xu)求的(de)必(bi)然結果,反映出市場與用(yong)戶日益增長的(de)對安全(quan)可靠、節(jie)能降(jiang)耗、降(jiang)低全(quan)生命(ming)周期成(cheng)本的(de)要求.

    谷樹(shu)忠研究員說:"我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)纜工業(ye)國(guo)(guo)家標準明(ming)確在導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)、安全(quan)性(xing)、可靠性(xing)要(yao)(yao)求較高(gao)的(de)場合(he),必須采(cai)用銅.鋁(lv)本身有其(qi)優(you)點,在電(dian)力電(dian)纜行業(ye)中有其(qi)適合(he)的(de)場合(he):主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在架空輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路(lu);對銅有腐蝕但對鋁(lv)腐蝕較小的(de)地方,應(ying)采(cai)用鋁(lv);中頻(pin)(pin)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)線(xian)路(lu)應(ying)優(you)先采(cai)用鋁(lv)."總(zong)的(de)來(lai)看,銅以其(qi)優(you)良的(de)導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)被電(dian)力領(ling)域(yu)(yu)使用,鋁(lv)是(shi)很好的(de)結(jie)構材料,因(yin)而在建筑(zhu)業(ye)、交通(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)等(deng)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)等(deng)被更多地使用.這是(shi)市場選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)結(jie)果."據(ju)介紹,我國(guo)(guo)銅資源消費(fei)目前主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在電(dian)力(41%)、電(dian)子(zi)通(tong)訊(15%)、日用消費(fei)品(15%)、機械(xie)制造(10%)等(deng)領(ling)域(yu)(yu),鋁(lv)資源消費(fei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在建筑(zhu)業(ye)(38%)、交通(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)(17%)、耐用消費(fei)品(16%)、電(dian)力(15%)等(deng)領(ling)域(yu)(yu).其(qi)中,電(dian)力領(ling)域(yu)(yu)銅消費(fei)是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)銅消費(fei)的(de)最大用戶,鋁(lv)在一定(ding)范圍內也有使用.

    谷樹忠研究(jiu)員介紹,在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)領域,20世紀60——70年(nian)代(dai),當時在"以鋁(lv)代(dai)銅"方(fang)針的(de)(de)指(zhi)引下,我(wo)國鋁(lv)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用比(bi)例一(yi)度(du)達40 %左右,20 世80 年(nian)代(dai)改革開(kai)放后,鋁(lv)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用比(bi)例大(da)幅下降,目前低于(yu)10 %.主要原因(yin)是:其一(yi),利用銅資源生產銅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)可(ke)靠、施工(gong)方(fang)便(bian)、維護成(cheng)本低,即(ji)使價(jia)格相對(dui)略(lve)高,但更(geng)能(neng)贏得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部門的(de)(de)青(qing)睞;從安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)可(ke)靠角度(du)出(chu)發(fa),使用鋁(lv)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵點(dian)是接頭(tou)技(ji)術(shu)及其使用的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing),我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)施工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)和維護管理(li)水平無法確(que)保(bao)鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)可(ke)靠運(yun)(yun)行;其三,由于(yu)城市(shi)尤其是大(da)型城市(shi)的(de)(de)地下敷(fu)設空間有限,不利于(yu)使用鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan).由于(yu)銅、鋁(lv)及鋁(lv)合金(jin)導體(ti)各有自(zi)己的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing),選用銅、鋁(lv)或鋁(lv)合金(jin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),應由設計和使用者(zhe)根據綜合經濟技(ji)術(shu)效(xiao)果和運(yun)(yun)行安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)來決定,而非簡(jian)單用"以鋁(lv)節銅"的(de)(de)口(kou)號可(ke)籠統地解決問題.

    谷樹忠(zhong)研究員說,從銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資源的(de)生(sheng)產能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)、使用能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)和銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)力電(dian)纜全生(sheng)命周(zhou)期(30年)成本看(kan),不考慮加工環節,從采(cai)礦到(dao)選礦再到(dao)冶煉的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產過(guo)程中,每(mei)生(sheng)產1噸(dun)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)為1.6噸(dun)標煤.而(er)從采(cai)礦到(dao)氧(yang)化鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)再到(dao)電(dian)解鋁(lv)(lv)(lv),每(mei)生(sheng)產1噸(dun)原鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)為3.5噸(dun)標煤,即原鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)位能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)是陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)單(dan)位能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)2.2倍(bei).綜合載(zai)流(liu)量等因素,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)纜2噸(dun)用銅(tong)(tong)(tong)量等效于鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)纜1噸(dun)用鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)量,即使是在(zai)此條(tiao)件下,1噸(dun)原鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)生(sheng)產能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)仍然比2噸(dun)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)生(sheng)產能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)高出約10%.

    "根據行(xing)業(ye)發(fa)展規劃,2015年從采礦(kuang)到(dao)冶煉,陰極(ji)銅單位能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)將(jiang)下降到(dao)每噸陰極(ji)銅1.2噸標煤(mei)(mei);從鋁(lv)(lv)土(tu)礦(kuang)到(dao)電(dian)解鋁(lv)(lv),原鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)單位能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)將(jiang)下降到(dao)每噸原鋁(lv)(lv)3.33噸標煤(mei)(mei),即原鋁(lv)(lv)單位能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)約是陰極(ji)銅單位能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)2.8倍;1噸原鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)比(bi)2噸陰極(ji)銅的(de)能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)約高39%."

    "從銅鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)纜的使用能(neng)耗看,按照現行國(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)計算,銅和(he)鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)纜壽命期(qi)內總損耗的能(neng)耗差(cha)不容(rong)小(xiao)覷,鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)纜每公里(li)能(neng)耗高于銅電(dian)(dian)纜達62640千瓦時."

    谷樹(shu)忠研究員說,上述分(fen)析(xi)表明,用鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜替代銅電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜,將對(dui)保護(hu)環境、解決(jue)總(zong)體產能(neng)過剩等社會綜(zong)合效益方面帶(dai)來(lai)負面影響."以(yi)鋁(lv)節銅"、"以(yi)鋁(lv)代銅",也違背了市場(chang)與用戶的需求,且不利于我(wo)國(guo)銅工(gong)業(ye)和(he)鋁(lv)工(gong)業(ye)轉型升級、提質增效、健康發展,甚(shen)至會打破有色金屬領域的供求平衡,影響我(wo)國(guo)戰略資源的安全保障.

    加強(qiang)多渠道獲(huo)取資(zi)源(yuan)能力,發(fa)揮市場在配置(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)中的(de)決定性(xing)作用

    谷樹忠研究(jiu)員介紹,針對銅(tong)鋁資源狀況、行業發展實際(ji)等(deng),課題(ti)組通過研究(jiu)提出了(le)相(xiang)關政策建議:

    一(yi)(yi)是加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)渠道獲取銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)(li).其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)努力(li)(li)(li)以雙(shuang)贏多(duo)贏的(de)(de)策略(lve)爭(zheng)取全球優(you)質銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),根(gen)據國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需求和(he)世界市場(chang)變化情況(kuang),適時開(kai)展銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)儲(chu)(chu)備工作;要(yao)(yao)(yao)強(qiang)(qiang)化政(zheng)策支持(chi),建(jian)(jian)立和(he)完善(shan)政(zheng)府對海(hai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)辦礦(kuang)的(de)(de)宏觀調控政(zheng)策和(he)激勵機制,實施(shi)企(qi)(qi)業海(hai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)辦礦(kuang)的(de)(de)扶持(chi)政(zheng)策.要(yao)(yao)(yao)推(tui)動(dong)礦(kuang)業企(qi)(qi)業、冶(ye)煉企(qi)(qi)業和(he)加(jia)(jia)工企(qi)(qi)業合(he)作,實行強(qiang)(qiang)強(qiang)(qiang)聯(lian)合(he)大集團(tuan)戰略(lve),培育有國(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)大企(qi)(qi)業,對外(wai)(wai)(wai)形成談判(pan)合(he)力(li)(li)(li).支持(chi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)業與外(wai)(wai)(wai)企(qi)(qi)開(kai)展經濟、技(ji)術(shu)合(he)作,聯(lian)合(he)進(jin)(jin)行礦(kuang)產(chan)勘探(tan)、資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)采和(he)冶(ye)煉加(jia)(jia)工,共同開(kai)發海(hai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan).鼓勵國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)企(qi)(qi)業采取企(qi)(qi)業兼并、股份收(shou)(shou)購、購買開(kai)采權(quan)、技(ji)術(shu)換資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等方(fang)式,多(duo)途徑拓(tuo)寬海(hai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)、鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)土礦(kuang)等資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)渠道.其(qi)(qi)二,要(yao)(yao)(yao)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)儲(chu)(chu)量,增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際市場(chang)的(de)(de)話語權(quan).其(qi)(qi)三,金(jin)屬回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)再生是獲取銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)渠道,要(yao)(yao)(yao)積極推(tui)進(jin)(jin)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)舊(jiu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利(li)(li)用(yong),統(tong)籌兼顧(gu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)舊(jiu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市場(chang).目前我國(guo)(guo)(guo)再生銅(tong)(tong)(tong)占銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量的(de)(de)近40%,廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)率也已達20%,預計未來隨著我國(guo)(guo)(guo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)消費(fei)量的(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia),金(jin)屬回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)再生比例將進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步提(ti)高.要(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)商(shang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)格(ge)審批,調查國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)(wai)(wai)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)供應商(shang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)信狀況(kuang),推(tui)進(jin)(jin)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)商(shang)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)(wai)(wai)高信譽供貨商(shang)建(jian)(jian)立長期合(he)作伙伴關(guan)系,穩定和(he)拓(tuo)展廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)渠道.規范廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)審批檢驗程序,嚴(yan)格(ge)限制低(di)品位廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou),降低(di)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)關(guan)時間與經濟成本,提(ti)高優(you)質廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)原料通(tong)關(guan)效率.加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利(li)(li)用(yong),推(tui)廣(guang)城市礦(kuang)山利(li)(li)用(yong)方(fang)面的(de)(de)先進(jin)(jin)技(ji)術(shu)與模式等.

    二是推進我(wo)國(guo)銅鋁(lv)(lv)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)轉型(xing)升級、提(ti)質增(zeng)效(xiao)(xiao). 轉型(xing)升級、提(ti)質增(zeng)效(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)解決我(wo)國(guo)銅鋁(lv)(lv)冶煉和加(jia)工產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)目前(qian)存在的(de)(de)不同(tong)程度(du)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能過剩、技(ji)術水平落后和環境污(wu)染(ran)等(deng)問題:需要(yao)控制行(xing)業(ye)(ye)總量規模,嚴格審查新上低附加(jia)值銅鋁(lv)(lv)項目,提(ti)高銅鋁(lv)(lv)冶煉行(xing)業(ye)(ye)準(zhun)入門檻(jian),促進銅鋁(lv)(lv)工業(ye)(ye)有序平穩發展;減少政府對(dui)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)直接干預,加(jia)強市(shi)場(chang)在銅鋁(lv)(lv)資源配置中的(de)(de)作用,通過提(ti)高技(ji)術標準(zhun)、環境污(wu)染(ran)物排放標準(zhun)、能耗、地耗、礦(kuang)耗等(deng)標準(zhun),讓市(shi)場(chang)自行(xing)消化(hua)過剩產(chan)(chan)(chan)能、淘汰落后企業(ye)(ye);促進上下游及(ji)周邊產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈整合,延伸產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈長度(du),擴大(da)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)規模,優化(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)結(jie)構等(deng);嚴格環境準(zhun)入標準(zhun),推進銅鋁(lv)(lv)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)綠(lv)色生產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術與裝備(bei)升級,倡導全(quan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)節能減排.

    三(san)是發(fa)揮市場(chang)在電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜行業(ye)銅鋁資源配(pei)置中的(de)(de)決定性(xing)作用,加(jia)強政(zheng)府監(jian)督(du)力(li)度(du).讓企業(ye)和(he)(he)(he)用戶依據(ju)銅鋁產(chan)品的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)經濟特點做出(chu)(chu)適合(he)自身情(qing)況的(de)(de)選擇,減少政(zheng)府直接干預產(chan)業(ye)政(zheng)策對(dui)市場(chang)秩序造成的(de)(de)干擾;加(jia)大(da)政(zheng)府對(dui)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜行業(ye)市場(chang)監(jian)督(du)力(li)度(du),要嚴格技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun),通(tong)過明確電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜產(chan)業(ye)中銅鋁材料選用的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun),淘汰(tai)落(luo)后產(chan)能,減少低品質(zhi)產(chan)品惡性(xing)競爭對(dui)市場(chang)秩序的(de)(de)擾亂;嚴防在技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)過程中出(chu)(chu)現的(de)(de)尋租腐(fu)敗(bai)行為,杜絕個別企業(ye)左右(you)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)制(zhi)定的(de)(de)情(qing)況發(fa)生,保持技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)公正性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)合(he)理性(xing).杜絕錯(cuo)誤的(de)(de)宣傳引導,謹防錯(cuo)誤口(kou)號誤導輿論、損及企業(ye)利益(yi)和(he)(he)(he)國家發(fa)展.

    編后——

    礦(kuang)產資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)消(xiao)費與(yu)工(gong)業化(hua)、城(cheng)鎮化(hua)發(fa)展進程等有(you)密(mi)切聯系(xi).礦(kuang)產資(zi)源(yuan)消(xiao)費結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)形成是(shi)經濟與(yu)社會發(fa)展、技術進步、市(shi)場(chang)需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo).在推(tui)進供給(gei)側結(jie)構(gou)(gou)改革中,礦(kuang)業如何化(hua)解(jie)過剩產能、增加(jia)有(you)效(xiao)共給(gei)、減少無(wu)效(xiao)供給(gei)?需要實事求(qiu)(qiu)是(shi),需要發(fa)揮(hui)政府監(jian)管作用(yong),需要發(fa)揮(hui)市(shi)場(chang)配(pei)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)決(jue)定性作用(yong).本訪談中專家對銅鋁替(ti)代問(wen)題的(de)(de)分(fen)析,有(you)助(zhu)于更加(jia)全面(mian)理解(jie)這一問(wen)題.