如前所(suo)述,鋁(lv)(lv)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是以(yi)鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)"燃燒"產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng).這(zhe)里所(suo)說的(de)(de)"燃燒"實際上就是鋁(lv)(lv)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)于堿性溶(rong)液(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質)中變鋁(lv)(lv)離子(Al→Al+3+3e),放出3個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(3e),是陽極(ji),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子向陰極(ji)"跑(pao)"與空氣中的(de)(de)氧之(zhi)間的(de)(de)簡單電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應放出能(neng)量產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)過程.我們可(ke)以(yi)認為燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是一個(ge)"工(gong)廠(chang)",它將燃料(liao)(鋁(lv)(lv))輸(shu)送進來,同時將產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)出,只要有鋁(lv)(lv)存(cun)在就會(hui)源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)斷地產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),這(zhe)是燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與傳(chuan)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)根本區(qu)別,雖然它們都依賴于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)原理而工(gong)作.鋁(lv)(lv)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由鋁(lv)(lv)板陽極(ji)、空氣板陰極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液組成.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液一般為堿性溶(rong)液.鋁(lv)(lv)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)工(gong)作時還需要催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)作用,在催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)作用下發生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應而發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)一種化(hua)(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan).

    對(dui)原電(dian)(dian)池(chi)如鋁(lv)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)來說(shuo),鋁(lv)釋放電(dian)(dian)子,變成離子,鋁(lv)是陽極(ji)(ji)(ji),空(kong)氣(qi)為陰極(ji)(ji)(ji),陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)與陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)接通后,電(dian)(dian)子從陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)跑向陽極(ji)(ji)(ji),而對(dui)普通的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)來說(shuo),有正(zheng)、負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)之分,電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)從正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)流(liu)(liu)向負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji).鋁(lv)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)解的逆過程.

    話說鋁(lv)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(4):鋁(lv)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池系統的運轉(zhuan)

    鋁(lv)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)運轉,空氣從左邊進入,過(guo)濾清洗后流入鋁(lv)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池堆(鋁(lv)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池堆)陰(yin)極,這是(shi)第一步(bu)(bu)(bu),也就(jiu)是(shi)說要準備好足夠的(de)(de)(de)陽極鋁(lv)板和供給氧的(de)(de)(de)空氣陰(yin)極板,以(yi)供給足夠的(de)(de)(de)氧;第二步(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)發(fa)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying),一旦(dan)發(fa)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)就(jiu)會(hui)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小(xiao)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)速(su)度息息相關,速(su)度越快,產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流越多(duo),為(wei)此(ci),我們(men)借助(zhu)催(cui)化劑及精(jing)細的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)區域設計來提高(gao)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)速(su)度;第三步(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)離(li)子或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子傳(chuan)輸,過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)將產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)或消(xiao)(xiao)耗離(li)子和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子,鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)離(li)子被另一邊空氣(氧)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極消(xiao)(xiao)耗,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子也一樣,為(wei)了保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷平衡(heng),必須(xu)把(ba)它(ta)們(men)從產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)區域傳(chuan)輸到它(ta)們(men)消(xiao)(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)區域,一旦(dan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線把(ba)它(ta)們(men)連接起(qi)來,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子就(jiu)會(hui)從一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極流向另一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極,然(ran)而(er)離(li)子的(de)(de)(de)流動就(jiu)比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子困(kun)難得(de)多(duo),因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子大得(de)多(duo),也重不少(shao),必須(xu)靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質傳(chuan)輸,鋁(lv)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質為(wei)堿性溶(rong)液.第四(si)步(bu)(bu)(bu),生(sheng)成物(wu)(wu)排出,任何一種燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,除了產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至少(shao)還(huan)會(hui)生(sheng)成一種反(fan)(fan)應(ying)物(wu)(wu),即(ji)使最簡單的(de)(de)(de)氫-氧燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也會(hui)生(sheng)成水,鋁(lv)燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會(hui)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)Al(OH)3,必須(xu)及時從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)(zhong)排出,否則(ze)就(jiu)會(hui)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)(zhong)隨著(zhu)時間(jian)延(yan)長而(er)積(ji)累,阻礙鋁(lv)與氧反(fan)(fan)應(ying),最終電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會(hui)"窒息"而(er)死.

    鋁燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)有運轉的五要素:陽極(ji)、陰極(ji)、電(dian)解質、催化(hua)劑、反(fan)應生(sheng)成物,將于下一(yi)文中一(yi)一(yi)介紹.現在,鋁燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)已(yi)形成一(yi)個非常好的閉(bi)路循環(huan).

    鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技術大(da)致可歸納(na)為:是一種直接的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學能(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換裝置,通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)直接把能(neng)(neng)量(liang)從一種形式(化(hua)(hua)學能(neng)(neng))轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)另(ling)一種能(neng)(neng)形式——電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng);鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不像一般的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),不會(hui)耗(hao)(hao)盡,而(er)更像一個(ge)(ge)"工(gong)廠",只要有燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)供給就會(hui)源源不斷地產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)必須有陰陽(yang)兩個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),并被電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)一分為二;鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)功率取決于(yu)其尺寸,能(neng)(neng)量(liang)取決于(yu)它(ta)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)存儲量(liang);電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學系統(tong)必須包含兩個(ge)(ge)成(cheng)對的(de)(de)半反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying):氧化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)和(he)(he)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying),氧化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釋放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi),還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)消耗(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi);氧化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)發生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)發生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)氧;鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)4個(ge)(ge)主要步驟(zou)為:燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)鋁和(he)(he)氧這兩個(ge)(ge)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)物(wu)輸送、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)、離子(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)傳導(dao)、生(sheng)成(cheng)物(wu)Al(OH)3排除;用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流-電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)曲線評估鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)性能(neng)(neng),它(ta)表示在(zai)(zai)(zai)一個(ge)(ge)給定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流負載下(xia)鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya);由(you)于(yu)損耗(hao)(hao),實際的(de)(de)鋁燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)性能(neng)(neng)總比理想的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)差,主要損耗(hao)(hao)類型:活化(hua)(hua)損耗(hao)(hao),歐姆(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻)損耗(hao)(hao),濃度損耗(hao)(hao).

    鋁燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)與其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)性(xing)能對比見表(biao)(biao)1,由(you)表(biao)(biao)中的(de)(de)數(shu)據可見,鋁燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合性(xing)能顯(xian)著(zhu)優于其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de).

    在表1引(yin)入的(de)(de)9個(ge)定(ding)量(liang)(liang)指標中,最重要的(de)(de)是(shi)能量(liang)(liang)密度和功(gong)率(lv)密度,現在對(dui)它(ta)們作一解(jie)釋,以(yi)便加深(shen)對(dui)鋁燃料電池(chi)的(de)(de)認識(shi).能量(liang)(liang)被(bei)(bei)定(ding)義為(wei)(wei)做功(gong)的(de)(de)能力,常用單位(wei)為(wei)(wei)J(焦耳)或(huo)(huo)Cal(卡(ka)路里或(huo)(huo)卡(ka));功(gong)率(lv)被(bei)(bei)定(ding)義為(wei)(wei)能量(liang)(liang)消耗或(huo)(huo)產生的(de)(de)速率(lv),它(ta)的(de)(de)典型單位(wei)是(shi)W(瓦特或(huo)(huo)瓦),表示每(mei)秒鐘消耗或(huo)(huo)產生的(de)(de)能量(liang)(liang),1W=1J/s,由此可(ke)知,能量(liang)(liang)=功(gong)率(lv)×時間.

    體積功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)密度是指每(mei)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)體積(cm3、m3、L)的器件(jian)可提供的功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)量(liang),其典型單位(wei)(wei)(wei)為W/cm3或(huo)kW/m3.質(zhi)量(liang)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)密度或(huo)比功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是指每(mei)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)質(zhi)量(liang)的器件(jian)提供的功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)量(liang),其典型單位(wei)(wei)(wei)是W/g或(huo)kW/kg.