有(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)產(chan)業(ye)在國民(min)經濟發展中(zhong)具有(you)不可替代(dai)的地位,但近年(nian)來隨(sui)著全球經濟的衰(shuai)退和房地產(chan)、汽車(che)、電力機械等相關產(chan)業(ye)的低迷(mi),使(shi)有(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)價格"一瀉千(qian)里",而(er)多數有(you)色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)產(chan)品也陷入產(chan)能過剩的惡性循環,其(qi)中(zhong)又以電解鋁行業(ye)最為(wei)嚴重.

    1.淘汰落后產能(neng)情況

 ;   "十二(er)五"期間國內電(dian)解(jie)鋁價格基本延續下(xia)跌態勢,由超過(guo)18000元/噸(dun)的高位下(xia)跌至9710元/噸(dun)的歷史低點.受此拖累(lei),電(dian)解(jie)鋁行(xing)業的虧損(sun)幅(fu)度不斷擴大,甚(shen)至在2015年下(xia)半(ban)年陷入全行(xing)業虧損(sun)的境地,做為行(xing)業經營主體的冶煉企業平(ping)均虧損(sun)額一度超過(guo)2300元/噸(dun).

    在(zai)消費低迷、價格跳水、企業(ye)(ye)虧損的(de)大背景下,"供給側"改革應運(yun)而生,在(zai)政府引導下,電解(jie)鋁生產(chan)企業(ye)(ye)自發的(de)拉開"去產(chan)能"序(xu)幕.卓創統計(ji)數據(ju),2010年(nian)至2014年(nian)我國(guo)電解(jie)鋁行(xing)業(ye)(ye)每(mei)年(nian)淘汰(tai)的(de)落后產(chan)能依次(ci)為(wei)37.1萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)、69.4萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)、27萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)、26萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)及50.4萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun),合計(ji)達(da)(da)到209.9萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun).而2015年(nian)全年(nian)電解(jie)鋁行(xing)業(ye)(ye)累計(ji)關停產(chan)能就達(da)(da)到了440萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)左右(you),折算減產(chan)規模則(ze)在(zai)369萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)左右(you),屬歷(li)年(nian)淘汰(tai)規模之最(zui).

    2."去產能"政策

    在去(qu)產能(neng)政策方(fang)面,2013年7月份國家工信(xin)部(bu)對鋁行業(ye)規范條件進行了修訂(ding),主要內(nei)容(rong)主要有以下幾(ji)個方(fang)面:

    2.1.根據鋁(lv)行業技術進步和設(she)備大型化的(de)發展趨(qu)勢,新建電解(jie)鋁(lv)項目必須采用400kA及以上電解(jie)槽,現有電解(jie)鋁(lv)生產線要達到160kA及以上預焙槽.

    2.2.原(yuan)《準入(ru)條件(jian)》中,鋁礦山、冶煉、再生利用(yong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)資(zi)本金(jin)比(bi)例要達到35%及以上.根據《國務院(yuan)調整固定(ding)資(zi)產投資(zi)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)最(zui)(zui)低資(zi)本金(jin)比(bi)例的(de)通知》的(de)規定(ding),電(dian)解鋁項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)最(zui)(zui)低資(zi)本金(jin)比(bi)例必須達到40%.

    2.3.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)高(gao)能耗產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗是重要的(de)(de)規范標(biao)(biao)準,為(wei)(wei)突出能耗指標(biao)(biao),修改(gai)后的(de)(de)規范條件將(jiang)噸(dun)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)必須類規范指標(biao)(biao),同時考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)可考(kao)核性(xing)以及適應目(mu)前(qian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)直接將(jiang)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)液銷(xiao)售給附近鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)加工企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)現狀,增加鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)液電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗,并結合(he)技(ji)術進(jin)步,將(jiang)新建(jian)(jian)或改(gai)造項目(mu)的(de)(de)噸(dun)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)液電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗定為(wei)(wei)12750千瓦時,對(dui)于現有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye),噸(dun)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)液電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)耗為(wei)(wei)13350千瓦時.慮(lv)到(dao)目(mu)前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)均采(cai)用低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓操作(zuo)(zuo),將(jiang)新建(jian)(jian)項目(mu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)效(xiao)率94%和現有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)效(xiao)率93%,適應降低(di),分(fen)別調(diao)到(dao)應達到(dao)93%和92%.

    3.新(xin)現象:落后產(chan)能(neng)不斷淘汰(tai),優質(zhi)產(chan)能(neng)不斷加(jia)碼

    近幾年(nian)落后產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)不(bu)斷淘汰,整個(ge)電解鋁行(xing)(xing)業朝著(zhu)集(ji)團化(hua)、規(gui)模化(hua)發展(zhan),在(zai)小型(xing)(xing)煉(lian)廠、高成(cheng)本產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)不(bu)斷退出的同時,少數綜合實力比(bi)較雄厚的大(da)型(xing)(xing)煉(lian)廠則(ze)在(zai)不(bu)斷擴張,依靠資(zi)金、技術等優(you)勢侵(qin)蝕市場.卓(zhuo)創統計數據,截至(zhi)目(mu)前,國內鋁冶(ye)煉(lian)企業建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)4138.8萬(wan)噸(dun),運(yun)行(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)3316.1萬(wan)噸(dun),產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)率80.12%,相較去年(nian)同期建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)增(zeng)長388.3萬(wan)噸(dun),運(yun)行(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)增(zeng)長161.1萬(wan)噸(dun),在(zai)這部(bu)分增(zeng)長產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)中(zhong),電解槽全部(bu)是(shi)400KA以上的大(da)型(xing)(xing)先進(jin)槽型(xing)(xing)設備(bei),而電流效率、各項能(neng)耗(hao)指標(biao)均控制在(zai)行(xing)(xing)業先進(jin)水平范圍內.

    綜上所述,電解鋁行(xing)業"供給側改革"已取得較大成果,在(zai)落(luo)后產能(neng)(neng)退(tui)出的同時,優質(zhi)產能(neng)(neng)不斷(duan)加碼,也進一步推(tui)動了產業進一步升級.