近(jin)年(nian)來隨著電解(jie)鋁(lv)工(gong)業(ye)的發展和創(chuang)新,"煤(mei)(mei)-電-鋁(lv)"發展模式已(yi)經(jing)成(cheng)為我國(guo)電解(jie)鋁(lv)工(gong)業(ye)發展的主流,因此也使得電解(jie)鋁(lv)企(qi)業(ye)的命(ming)運與(yu)煤(mei)(mei)電企(qi)業(ye)的命(ming)運聯系(xi)得更加緊密,甚至(zhi)鋁(lv)廠與(yu)煤(mei)(mei)電廠已(yi)經(jing)成(cheng)了利益共同(tong)體.因此國(guo)家對燃煤(mei)(mei)電行業(ye)政策調整,也與(yu)電解(jie)鋁(lv)行業(ye)息息相關.

    2015年12月2日,國(guo)務院召開常務會(hui)議決定(ding)全(quan)面(mian)實施燃(ran)(ran)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)超低(di)排(pai)放和(he)節能(neng)改(gai)造,大幅降低(di)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤耗和(he)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)排(pai)放.會(hui)議指出(chu),按照(zhao)綠色發展要(yao)(yao)求,落實國(guo)務院大氣污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)行動計劃,通(tong)過加快燃(ran)(ran)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)升級改(gai)造,在全(quan)國(guo)全(quan)面(mian)推(tui)廣超低(di)排(pai)放和(he)世界一流(liu)水(shui)平的能(neng)耗標準.會(hui)議決定(ding),在2020年前,對(dui)燃(ran)(ran)煤機組全(quan)面(mian)實施超低(di)排(pai)放和(he)節能(neng)改(gai)造,使所有(you)現役電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)每千瓦時平均(jun)煤耗低(di)于310克、新建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)平均(jun)煤耗低(di)于300克,對(dui)落后(hou)產(chan)能(neng)和(he)不符(fu)合相關強制(zhi)性標準要(yao)(yao)求的堅決淘(tao)汰(tai)關停(ting),東、中部地區要(yao)(yao)提前至2017年和(he)2018年達(da)標.改(gai)造完成后(hou),每年可節約原煤約1億噸(dun)、減少二(er)氧化碳排(pai)放1.8億噸(dun),電(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)主要(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物排(pai)放總量(liang)可降低(di)60%左右.

    據環(huan)保部環(huan)境(jing)規(gui)劃院大氣環(huan)境(jing)規(gui)劃部相關人士介紹,從能耗(hao)標(biao)準來講,會上(shang)提出的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)事實上(shang)已(yi)經達到國際先進(jin)的(de)水平,如(ru)果(guo)達到這樣的(de)排(pai)放標(biao)準的(de)話,現有(you)電廠燃(ran)用(一(yi)噸(dun))煤的(de)排(pai)放,與家里普通的(de)爐灶燃(ran)燒一(yi)公斤的(de)煤是相當的(de).

    那么(me)我們更關心的(de)(de)是,要真正實(shi)現(xian)超低排放,煤電企(qi)業(ye)投入成(cheng)本(ben)有多(duo)大呢(ni)?據(ju)貴陽(yang)大數據(ju)交易(yi)所測算,實(shi)現(xian)超低排放,相當(dang)于(yu)每(mei)千(qian)瓦時(shi)電的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)增加(jia)了2.5分左右.相關統計數據(ju)顯(xian)示,目前發(fa)電企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)電成(cheng)本(ben)約(yue)為每(mei)千(qian)瓦時(shi)0.35元左右,上網電價(jia)為每(mei)千(qian)瓦時(shi)0.4元多(duo)一點.相當(dang)于(yu)發(fa)電企(qi)業(ye)利潤的(de)(de)一半(ban)要被"超低排放"吃掉.

    以上這只是針(zhen)對于(yu)煤電企業(ye)算的(de)一筆賬,那(nei)么(me)對于(yu)電解鋁企業(ye)和(he)"煤-電-鋁"一體(ti)化(hua)企業(ye)來說(shuo)又意味著什(shen)么(me)呢?

    毫無(wu)疑(yi)問的(de)(de)是(shi),已(yi)無(wu)利潤可談的(de)(de)電(dian)解鋁(lv)企業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)將會再度上(shang)漲.水漲船高,發電(dian)企業(ye)(ye)成(cheng)本(ben)上(shang)升(sheng),電(dian)解鋁(lv)企業(ye)(ye)也(ye)不(bu)可能獨善(shan)其(qi)身,所以電(dian)解鋁(lv)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)至少也(ye)會增加相應的(de)(de)費用,尤其(qi)是(shi)對(dui)于"煤-電(dian)-鋁(lv)"一(yi)體(ti)系化(hua)企業(ye)(ye),其(qi)生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)上(shang)升(sheng)更為直接(jie).

    近(jin)年來,隨(sui)著我國電(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)行業(ye)產業(ye)鏈的上下(xia)游延伸,目前我國配套自(zi)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)產能(neng)占比已超過70%,特別是(shi)山東、新疆電(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)企業(ye)利用優(you)勢的煤(mei)炭資源積極推進局域電(dian)(dian)網建設.就全國而言,其(qi)電(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)企業(ye)自(zi)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)的主(zhu)力也主(zhu)要都是(shi)"煤(mei)-電(dian)(dian)-鋁(lv)"模式(shi),而非自(zi)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)產能(neng)也大多是(shi)依靠"煤(mei)-電(dian)(dian)"方式(shi)取得(de)的電(dian)(dian)力能(neng)源,所以說(shuo),對(dui)燃煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)廠實施全面(mian)超低排(pai)放和節能(neng)改造將對(dui)電(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)企業(ye)生產成本(ben)影(ying)響重大,甚至牽一(yi)發而動全身.

    作為(wei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)大(da)戶,既然電(dian)(dian)解鋁企業的(de)命脈幾乎全部掌控在用(yong)電(dian)(dian)成本上,那么(me)在當前環(huan)保壓(ya)力這么(me)大(da)的(de)情況下,電(dian)(dian)解鋁企業應該怎么(me)辦(ban)呢?

    當然(ran)不能坐(zuo)以待斃(bi),任(ren)其擺布,而是要積極主動尋找出(chu)路,尋覓新型能源(yuan)(yuan)替代煤電能源(yuan)(yuan).

    目前(qian)(qian)就全球電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)行業(ye)而言,其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)能(neng)源除煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai),還有(you)水(shui)(shui)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、天然氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等新能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).比如:俄羅斯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)企業(ye)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)靠(kao)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),中(zhong)東地區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)企業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)靠(kao)天然氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),他們的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價都很便宜且環(huan)保.而我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)企業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),成本較高,受國家(jia)政(zheng)策(ce)和(he)環(huan)保壓力(li)的(de)制約(yue)也(ye)較大(da).不過目前(qian)(qian)我(wo)國也(ye)有(you)一(yi)(yi)些項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目開(kai)始嘗試"水(shui)(shui)-電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)-鋁(lv)"一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化模式發(fa)展,據公(gong)開(kai)報(bao)道,今年(nian)上半年(nian),云南省(sheng)昭通(tong)市政(zheng)府與云南冶金(jin)集團(tuan)在昆明(ming)召(zhao)開(kai)座談(tan)會(hui),商談(tan)就"水(shui)(shui)-電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)-鋁(lv)"產業(ye)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)有(you)關(guan)事宜,該(gai)報(bao)道稱該(gai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目將充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)昭通(tong)的(de)優勢水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)源,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)具有(you)國際先進(jin)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)400ka系(xi)列鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽工藝技術(shu),總投資(zi)約(yue)60億元,建(jian)設(she)總規模為年(nian)產70萬噸水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋁(lv)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目,項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目于2020年(nian)前(qian)(qian)全部建(jian)成,具體(ti)該(gai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目當前(qian)(qian)的(de)進(jin)展情況還不太(tai)清楚(chu),也(ye)許由于其他原因(yin)進(jin)度沒(mei)有(you)計劃(hua)那么快,但至(zhi)少(shao)這(zhe)種利(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)優勢是可見的(de),環(huan)保的(de).

    其實,此前已經有一(yi)些企業在開(kai)始(shi)嘗(chang)試(shi)建(jian)設"水-電-鋁(lv)(lv)"一(yi)體(ti)化電解鋁(lv)(lv)項(xiang)目了,比如,青海黃河水電再生鋁(lv)(lv)業有限公司(si)設計規模為年(nian)產(chan)循環(huan)再生鋁(lv)(lv)基(ji)合金65萬(wan)噸、炭素制品(pin)30萬(wan)噸、水電站裝(zhuang)機容量150萬(wan)kW.2008年(nian)3月(yue)項(xiang)目開(kai)工建(jian)設,鋁(lv)(lv)系統(tong)于2009年(nian)6月(yue)開(kai)始(shi)陸續投(tou)產(chan),2010年(nian)3月(yue)30日全(quan)面投(tou)產(chan).

 ;   據公開報(bao)道的(de)還有在青海(hai)省已投產的(de)中電(dian)投旗下的(de)黃河鑫(xin)業、青海(hai)橋(qiao)頭鋁電(dian)、鑫(xin)恒等項目,在云南省的(de)還有盈江星云項目等.

    不過發展"水(shui)-電-鋁(lv)"一體化產業(ye)或是"風(feng)-電-鋁(lv)"一體化產業(ye)均受(shou)到(dao)自然條件的(de)制約(yue),比如(ru),水(shui)電的(de)前提是必須(xu)有水(shui)資源才(cai)可以,而風(feng)電模式也受(shou)地理位(wei)置約(yue)束更加嚴格.

    但(dan)從長遠來看,電(dian)解(jie)鋁行業(ye)還(huan)是要考慮更多(duo)的(de)(de)替代能源(yuan)來解(jie)決對煤電(dian)的(de)(de)依賴.所以,發展綠色能源(yuan)解(jie)決電(dian)解(jie)鋁行業(ye)用電(dian)之需還(huan)是更為上(shang)策(ce),尤(you)其(qi)是在(zai)當前(qian)環保(bao)壓力(li)如此之大的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),更覺得有計(ji)劃(hua)地發展"水-電(dian)-鋁"或是"風-電(dian)-鋁"或是有條件的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)發展"氣-電(dian)-鋁"或是其(qi)他綠色能源(yuan)鋁產(chan)業(ye)模式才是電(dian)解(jie)鋁行業(ye)的(de)(de)出路所在(zai).

    總(zong)之,國務院此次對燃(ran)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)廠全面實施超低排放和(he)節能(neng)改造(zao)必將(jiang)對電(dian)解(jie)鋁行業生產成本(ben)造(zao)成直接影響,但若想(xiang)盡快擺脫(tuo)對煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)能(neng)源的(de)困(kun)擾又(you)非一件易事,不過我們相信方(fang)法總(zong)是比問題多,只要行業同仁竭(jie)盡全力,開拓創新(xin),主(zhu)動認識(shi)問題,積極(ji)解(jie)決(jue)問題,各企業因地制宜,根據企業實際情況,有計劃地發展風電(dian)、水電(dian)、燃(ran)氣發電(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)等(deng)一些新(xin)型環保的(de)電(dian)力能(neng)源,以解(jie)決(jue)電(dian)解(jie)鋁行業的(de)燃(ran)"煤(mei)(mei)"之急.