國內鋁單板與(yu)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)對(dui)比(bi)(bi)之間(jian)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)差異，主要是(shi)由國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場上首次出現的(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)單板(ban)以來，鋁(lv)單板(ban)已經歷了(le)一(yi)個時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步。我國(guo)(guo)鋁(lv)單板(ban)也(ye)走(zou)向(xiang)50多年的(de)(de)(de)時期，在(zai)“優先發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)鋁(lv)單板(ban)”的(de)(de)(de)方針指引(yin)(yin)下，我國(guo)(guo)鋁(lv)單板(ban)取得了(le)令世(shi)人矚目的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)績。特別(bie)是(shi)經過最近幾(ji)年的(de)(de)(de)高速發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，我國(guo)(guo)鋁(lv)單板(ban)已吸引(yin)(yin)全球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)商家目光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)關注。于(yu)本世(shi)紀初，我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)鋁(lv)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)就達到了(le)433萬噸(dun)，躍居(ju)世(shi)界第一(yi)位，占全球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)總產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)15.7％。在(zai)2003年，我國(guo)(guo)原(yuan)鋁(lv)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量541.9萬噸(dun)，占世(shi)界總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)24.7％。但(dan)是(shi)在(zai)新的(de)(de)(de)經濟形勢下，我國(guo)(guo)鋁(lv)單板(ban)也(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了(le)一(yi)些(xie)新的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，比(bi)(bi)較突出的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)是(shi)成(cheng)本上漲和規避風(feng)險能(neng)力(li)不(bu)足。若這些(xie)問題(ti)解決不(bu)好，將嚴重制約(yue)到我國(guo)(guo)鋁(lv)單板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持續發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。而從(cong)全球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)范圍看，今天(tian)我國(guo)(guo)所(suo)面臨的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)驗也(ye)正是(shi)有百年歷史的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)鋁(lv)業經營商在(zai)昨天(tian)遇到的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。在(zai)此筆者對(dui)國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場鋁(lv)單板(ban)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)經驗進(jin)行(xing)全面總結，以期對(dui)國(guo)(guo)內鋁(lv)單板(ban)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)相得益彰的(de)(de)(de)境界。

　　我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)雖然有著(zhu)廉價的勞(lao)動力生(sheng)產(chan)，但國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)的鋁(lv)單(dan)板(ban)、電力成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)偏(pian)(pian)高和(he)原(yuan)鋁(lv)生(sheng)產(chan)企業缺乏規模經濟導致(zhi)原(yuan)鋁(lv)生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)處于(yu)劣勢。鋁(lv)單(dan)板(ban)價格和(he)電力成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的影(ying)響在2003年(nian)(nian)尤其明顯，以2001年(nian)(nian)到2003年(nian)(nian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)進出(chu)口鋁(lv)單(dan)板(ban)平(ping)均成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和(he)中等水平(ping)電價計算，在2001年(nian)(nian)和(he)2002年(nian)(nian)“加鋁(lv)”和(he)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)原(yuan)鋁(lv)平(ping)均成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)不分(fen)仲伯。而到了(le)2003年(nian)(nian)，由于(yu)進出(chu)口鋁(lv)單(dan)板(ban)價格偏(pian)(pian)高和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)電力價格上(shang)漲，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的原(yuan)鋁(lv)生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超出(chu)“加鋁(lv)”。

　　由國(guo)(guo)外(wai)引(yin)進的鋁單板原材料的生產(chan)技術分析中(zhong)得(de)出，國(guo)(guo)內鋁單板和電力在原鋁生產(chan)成本(ben)結構中(zhong)的比例為77％，而國(guo)(guo)外(wai)只有63％。二者在總成本(ben)中(zhong)所占比例較大促成了我國(guo)(guo)企業面(mian)臨更大的鋁單板和電力價格風險(xian)。

　　國內(nei)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)偏高主(zhu)要(yao)是受(shou)到鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)先天性(xing)不足的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)分為兩種：礦床(chuang)埋藏較(jiao)(jiao)淺，易于(yu)開采的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅土型(xing)(xing)(xing)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)礦床(chuang)埋藏較(jiao)(jiao)深，開采難(nan)(nan)度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)積(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)礦床(chuang)以(yi)沉(chen)積(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)為主(zhu)，山東、山西、河(he)南和(he)(he)貴(gui)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦石主(zhu)要(yao)屬于(yu)這種類型(xing)(xing)(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)開采成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)較(jiao)(jiao)高。另(ling)外(wai)，我(wo)(wo)國鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)儲量的(de)(de)(de)(de)98％左(zuo)右是一水硬鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)石型(xing)(xing)(xing)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，屬于(yu)低(di)(di)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)高硅低(di)(di)鐵難(nan)(nan)溶導電率低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦石，而國外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)多為鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)硅比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)三水硬鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)石。用國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)采用國外(wai)常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)拜爾法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)，只能(neng)采用燒(shao)結法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)混聯(lian)法(fa)(fa)，造成(cheng)能(neng)耗增加、工藝(yi)復雜、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)周期長以(yi)及較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。另(ling)外(wai)我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)風化殼型(xing)(xing)(xing)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)伴生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)多種礦產(chan)(chan)(chan)，更增加了鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)難(nan)(nan)度(du)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。 　　因此，和(he)(he)世界上其(qi)他鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)大國比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)，我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)偏高，我(wo)(wo)國制造一噸的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)需(xu)要(yao)170.8美元(yuan)，而巴西只需(xu)要(yao)147美元(yuan)，牙買加需(xu)154美元(yuan)，鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)(dan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)澳大利亞只需(xu)要(yao)104美元(yuan)。

　　另(ling)外(wai)一個抬高原(yuan)(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成本(ben)的(de)因素是(shi)未(wei)能充分發(fa)揮規模效應(ying)。我(wo)國的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)產(chan)(chan)量和產(chan)(chan)能位居全球首位，但是(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)分散，單位企業(ye)產(chan)(chan)能水平(ping)(ping)遠遠低于國外(wai)水平(ping)(ping)，難以形(xing)成規模效應(ying)。2003年我(wo)國原(yuan)(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)廠平(ping)(ping)均產(chan)(chan)能為5.67萬噸/年，而國外(wai)原(yuan)(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)平(ping)(ping)均產(chan)(chan)能為19.9萬噸/年，全球原(yuan)(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)企業(ye)平(ping)(ping)均產(chan)(chan)能亦有11.6萬噸/年。

　　國(guo)(guo)內(nei)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)原(yuan)材料生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)依然(ran)不足以滿足市場需求(qiu)。直到(dao)前(qian)幾年，由鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)材原(yuan)料產量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)排名的(de)全球前(qian)9家(jia)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)原(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)產量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)七十萬(wan)到(dao)三(san)百(bai)五(wu)十萬(wan)噸左(zuo)右，位(wei)于第(di)9名的(de)中(zhong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)產量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)大約在(zai)七十二(er)萬(wan)噸。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)大部分(fen)原(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)板生(sheng)(sheng)產企(qi)業(ye)(ye)基本(ben)能(neng)達到(dao)十萬(wan)噸以，截至2003年底(di)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)原(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)產企(qi)業(ye)(ye)有(you)147家(jia)，產能(neng)在(zai)10萬(wan)噸以下(xia)的(de)原(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)生(sheng)(sheng)產企(qi)業(ye)(ye)即有(you)117家(jia)。分(fen)散化的(de)經驗背離了全球鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)板的(de)發(fa)展趨勢，所(suo)以導(dao)致我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)部分(fen)地方出現鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)單(dan)板供不應求(qiu)的(de)現象。